Steelmaking refining — Bessemer variants: Evaluate the statement: “In steelmaking, both phosphorus and sulphur can be removed by using the basic Bessemer (Thomas) process.”

Introduction / Context:
Impurity control (P and S) is central to steel quality. Historic steelmaking routes include acid and basic Bessemer (Thomas) converters, open-hearth, and today’s basic oxygen and electric furnace processes. Knowing which route removes which impurity avoids misconceptions in metallurgy exams and shop practice.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Process considered: basic Bessemer (Thomas) using basic lining and basic slag.
• Goal: simultaneous removal of phosphorus and sulphur.
• Standard slag chemistry constraints apply.

Concept / Approach:
The basic Bessemer (Thomas) process excels at removing phosphorus because the basic slag readily ties up P as stable phosphates at high basicity and suitable temperature. However, sulphur removal in oxidising steelmaking converters is poor; effective desulphurisation generally requires a high-basicity, low-oxygen environment (often outside the converter or in secondary metallurgy) and reducing conditions with desulphurising agents (e.g., CaO, CaC2, Mg). Consequently, the blanket claim that both P and S are removed in the Thomas process is incorrect.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify what basic slag removes effectively: phosphorus.Recognise sulphur behaviour: prefers metal phase under oxidising conditions; desulphurisation is inefficient in the converter blow.Conclude only P is reliably removed; S is not.Therefore, the statement is incorrect.

Verification / Alternative check:
Steelmaking references show modern low-S steels rely on ladle refining/desulphurisation rather than converter blowing alone.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Adding oxygen or ferromanganese does not convert the process into an efficient desulphuriser.

Carbon level does not reverse the fundamental sulphur thermodynamics in oxidising slags.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming “basic = removes everything”; overlooking the opposite sulphur partitioning behaviour under oxidising conditions.

Final Answer:
Incorrect