Programmable logic device complexity: Programmable Array Logic (PAL) devices are considered relatively simple, small-scale integrated logic solutions compared to PLAs, CPLDs, and FPGAs. Evaluate this characterization.

Introduction / Context:
Programmable logic spans from simple devices (PALs, GALs) to highly complex FPGAs and SoC FPGAs. Understanding the relative complexity helps engineers select suitable platforms for glue logic, decoding, and small control functions.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• PALs typically offer a programmable AND array with a fixed OR array.
• Feature counts (macrocells, product terms) are modest.
• CPLDs and FPGAs provide far greater logic resources and routing flexibility.

Concept / Approach:
PALS are optimized for implementing sum-of-products equations and simple state machines, replacing handfuls of TTL/CMOS gates. They are simpler to program and verify but lack the deep logic capacity, block RAM, DSP slices, and high-speed transceivers found in modern FPGAs/CPLDs.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Design flows reflect complexity: PALs often use simple fuse maps or basic equations, while FPGAs require synthesis, P&R, and timing closure.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Limiting the statement to CMOS only or to pre-1990 ignores the architectural reality across technologies and eras.

Common Pitfalls:
Attempting to implement large datapaths or high-speed serial interfaces in PALs; they are not intended for that scale.

Final Answer:
Correct