Origin of beta (β) particles: in radioactive beta decay, from which part of the atom are the emitted β particles produced?

Introduction / Context:
Radioactive beta decay is a nuclear process, not an electronic or chemical one. In β− decay, a neutron in the nucleus converts into a proton, emitting an electron (the β− particle) and an antineutrino. In β+ decay, a proton converts into a neutron with emission of a positron (β+) and a neutrino, or electron capture occurs instead. Understanding the origin helps avoid conflating nuclear decay with atomic electron transitions.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We are considering radioactive β emission in nuclides.
• Atomic electron shells may respond (e.g., characteristic X-rays after EC), but they are not the source of β particles.
• β may mean β− (electron) or β+ (positron).

Concept / Approach:
β particles are created inside the nucleus during weak-interaction mediated transformations. They are not preexisting orbital electrons getting expelled. For β−, the process can be written qualitatively as n → p + e− + v̄; for β+, as p → n + e+ + v. These leptons are produced at the instant of decay and then exit the nucleus with a spectrum of kinetic energies characteristic of allowed/forbidden transitions.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify β emission as a nuclear decay mode.Recall β− and β+ fundamental transformations.Conclude that β particles are generated in the nucleus during these transformations.Select “Nucleus (via nuclear transformation).”

Verification / Alternative check:
Energy spectra of beta particles are continuous up to an endpoint, consistent with a three-body decay in the nucleus (lepton + neutrino), not with discrete electronic transitions.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Innermost/outermost shells: Atomic electrons may rearrange after decay but are not the source of β.None of these / chemical bonds: β emission is nuclear, not chemical.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing β radiation with Auger electrons or characteristic X-rays that arise from atomic relaxation after electron capture, which are separate effects.

Final Answer:
Nucleus (via nuclear transformation)