Ideal op-amp characteristics in first-order analysis Which set of properties best describes an operational amplifier used in standard linear circuits under ideal or near-ideal assumptions?

Introduction / Context:
Op-amps are modeled with “ideal” attributes in many introductory designs to simplify analysis. Recognizing these attributes helps predict circuit behavior and select devices that approximate ideal performance within required bandwidth and load conditions.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Closed-loop linear operation with negative feedback.
• Idealized parameters used for conceptual reasoning.
• No slew-rate or bandwidth limitations considered for this question.

Concept / Approach:
The ideal op-amp model assumes infinite open-loop gain, infinite input impedance, and zero output impedance. Real amplifiers approximate these: very large gain (often 10^5–10^6), very high input impedance (megaohms to gigaohms), and low output impedance (tens of ohms or less), enabling accurate closed-loop gains set by external passives.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Voltage gain → very high so that small input differences force outputs that enforce feedback conditions.Input impedance → very high to minimize input current and loading.Output impedance → very low to drive loads and keep output near the commanded voltage.Therefore, the best answer combining these traits is “all of the above.”

Verification / Alternative check:
Textbook op-amp rules of thumb: infinite gain, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, infinite bandwidth, zero offset (for the ideal model).

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each single-property option omits other essential traits of the ideal model.

Common Pitfalls:
Applying the ideal model beyond the device’s bandwidth or slew-rate limits; always check datasheets for real-world constraints.

Final Answer:
all of the above