In the following English vocabulary question, you are given a descriptive phrase. Choose, from the four alternatives, the one word that best substitutes the phrase "a formal speech or piece of writing that expresses high praise for someone who has died".

Introduction / Context:
This question asks for a one word substitute for a very specific type of speech or writing. The phrase is a formal expression of praise for someone who has died. This situation commonly arises at funerals or memorial services, where friends, relatives or colleagues deliver a speech honouring the life and character of the deceased.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The phrase refers to a formal speech or written piece praising a person who has died.
• Option A: Orology.
• Option B: Eulogy.
• Option C: Cytology.
• Option D: Misology.
• We assume one of these is the standard English term used for such speeches at funerals or memorials.

Concept / Approach:
The correct word is eulogy. It comes from Greek roots meaning good words and refers to a speech or written tribute praising someone, especially someone who has died. Orology is the study of mountains, cytology is the study of cells, and misology refers to a hatred of reasoning or argument. These are all technical terms unrelated to funeral speeches.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Focus on the main elements of the phrase: formal expression, praise, and someone who has died.Step 2: Recall that eulogies are commonly delivered at funerals, and many cultures use that exact term in news and literature.Step 3: Match this memory with option B, eulogy, which is defined as a formal speech honouring a person, especially one who has just died.Step 4: Examine orology, which relates to the study of mountains and has nothing to do with speeches.Step 5: Check cytology and misology and see that both are specialised academic terms unrelated to death or praise. Therefore, eulogy is the only option that fits the given description.

Verification / Alternative check:
Consider an example sentence: The family asked her oldest friend to deliver a eulogy at the memorial service. Trying to substitute orology, cytology or misology would produce nonsense sentences. Eulogy fits naturally in contexts of remembrance and praise after death. Reading obituaries and reports of state funerals often exposes this word, reinforcing its meaning.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Orology, derived from the Greek word for mountain, appears in geography and geology contexts, not in funeral ceremonies. Cytology is a biological discipline focused on cells, used in medical and scientific writing. Misology refers to a dislike of rational argument or reasoning, and sometimes appears in philosophical discussions, not in speeches praising the dead. Because none of these options is connected to the idea of a formal tribute to a deceased person, they are all incorrect here.

Common Pitfalls:
Students can be distracted by the similar sounding endings in the options, such as ology, which generally indicates a field of study. Eulogy is slightly different because it ends in logy but does not mean study of something; instead, it is related to speaking well of someone. Remembering a small group of exceptions like eulogy, trilogy and apology can help you avoid assuming that every logy word is purely a scientific discipline.

Final Answer:
The correct one word substitute is Eulogy, so option B is correct.