Compared with single-stage compression, multi-stage air compression with intercooling offers several advantages. Which combination below correctly states the benefits of multi-stage compression?

Introduction / Context:
Staging a compressor distributes the overall pressure ratio across multiple steps, often with intercooling between stages. This arrangement yields a set of practical and thermodynamic advantages that are widely exploited in industrial compressors.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Same overall delivery pressure and mass flow rate.
• Effective intercooling between stages.
• Mechanical design allows appropriate speed/torque matching.

Concept / Approach:
Intercooling reduces the inlet temperature to subsequent stages, lowering specific work. Splitting the ratio also improves volumetric efficiency because each stage sees lower discharge temperatures and reduced leakage/slip effects. Multiple stages smooth torque fluctuations in reciprocating machines and improve operating range for rotary machines.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Power vs. intercooler effectiveness curves show decreased power as effectiveness improves. Practical experience confirms higher volumetric efficiency from denser intercooled suction and smoother torque from multi-throw arrangements.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Options (a), (b), (c) alone: Each captures one benefit but ignores the others.
• None of these: Contradicts well-established compressor design practice.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming only thermodynamic (work) benefit and overlooking mechanical/operational advantages; forgetting volumetric efficiency depends on suction temperature and clearance effects.

Final Answer:
All of these