Measuring minute depression of the freezing point (cryoscopy) Which instrument is best suited to detect and measure very small changes in freezing point when a solute is added to a solvent?

Introduction / Context:
Cryoscopy relies on measuring small decreases in a solvent’s freezing point upon adding a solute, allowing estimation of molar mass and colligative properties. The measurement demands a high-resolution thermometer designed specifically for tiny temperature changes, often only a few hundredths of a degree.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Objective: detect minute freezing point depressions.
• Resolution required: hundredths of a degree Celsius or better.
• Laboratory context with careful stirring and supercooling control.

Concept / Approach:
The Beckmann thermometer features an adjustable mercury index and a restricted scale, typically spanning about 5–6°C, providing fine resolution for small temperature differences. It is the classic instrument for cryoscopy and ebullioscopy (boiling point elevation) experiments in physical chemistry.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Repeating measurements and correcting for supercooling yields consistent ΔT_f. The Beckmann’s fine scale and adjustable index help eliminate calibration offsets between runs.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Failing to account for supercooling and stirring rate, which can distort the apparent freezing point; the Beckmann thermometer helps, but technique remains critical.

Final Answer:
Beckmann thermometer