Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation – Ideal Energy Balance Under appropriate assumptions (steady, incompressible, negligible losses), Bernoulli’s equation underpins the working principles of the Venturimeter, orifice meter, and Pitot tube.

Introduction:
Bernoulli’s equation relates pressure, velocity, and elevation along a streamline. Many classical flow-measurement devices are derived from this ideal energy balance with suitable coefficients to account for losses and non-idealities.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Steady, incompressible flow.
• Negligible shaft work and heat transfer.
• Use of discharge/velocity coefficients for practical devices.

Concept / Approach:

A Venturimeter and an orifice meter infer discharge from measured pressure differences created by area change. A Pitot tube converts dynamic pressure to a measurable stagnation pressure to infer velocity. All rely on Bernoulli between appropriate points with correction factors.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Standard calibrations show close agreement with Bernoulli-based predictions when correction factors are used.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Picking any single instrument ignores that all three are rooted in the same principle.

Common Pitfalls:

Using Bernoulli without including real-flow coefficients; misplacing pressure taps; neglecting elevation heads.

Final Answer:

all of these