Microminerals — physiological roles of manganese Manganese (Mn) is required in humans for which of the following functions?

Introduction / Context:
Manganese is an essential trace element serving as a cofactor for multiple enzymes and contributing to tissue integrity and neurological function. Understanding its roles helps distinguish it from other minerals like magnesium, zinc, and copper in nutrition and clinical biochemistry.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Manganese participates in enzymes such as Mn superoxide dismutase, arginase (with Mn), and several glycosyltransferases.
• Bone formation involves proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan synthesis requiring Mn dependent enzymes.
• Neurological function and reproduction are impaired by severe Mn deficiency in experimental settings.

Concept / Approach:

Evaluate listed physiological domains. Bone matrix synthesis and CNS function both rely on Mn dependent enzymatic reactions. Therefore, the combined option is correct. Muscle “strengthening only” is too narrow and not a recognized exclusive role for Mn.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Animal studies and human observational data link low Mn to skeletal abnormalities and neurologic symptoms, supporting roles in both areas.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Options A or B alone are incomplete; D is overly specific; E ignores well-established biochemistry.

Common Pitfalls:

Confusing Mn with Mg or Ca in bone; while Ca forms the mineral phase, Mn is necessary for matrix biosynthesis enzymes.

Final Answer:

Both (a) and (b)