Decision making — courses of action under severe fog disrupting transport Statement: Air and rail services have been severely disrupted due to thick fog in the northern part of the country. Which of the following courses of action are appropriate? I. Temporarily suspend rail and air services in the affected region. II. Advise people to plan travel considering probable disruption, delays, or cancellations. III. Immediately install modern guidance/landing systems to enable operation even in thick fog.

Introduction / Context:
This is a “courses of action” critical-reasoning item. The statement reports severe disruption of air and rail services due to thick fog. We must evaluate which proposed actions are logical, feasible, and proportionate responses to the stated problem, considering both immediate mitigation and sustainable improvements.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Thick fog is currently causing severe disruption to air and rail services in a northern region.
• Safety, continuity of essential movement, and public information are priorities.
• Authorities can issue advisories and invest in technology (e.g., instrument-landing systems, advanced signaling).

Concept / Approach:
In courses-of-action problems, accept actions that are practical, preventive, and directly responsive. Reject actions that are unnecessarily extreme, unsafe, or impractical. Also distinguish immediate advisories (communication) from long-term capacity building (technology) and from blanket shutdowns (which may be disproportionate if safe reduced operations are possible).

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• I alone: overbroad and not necessarily warranted for every line and airport.
• III alone: omits immediate traveler guidance.
• All follow: endorses an indiscriminate shutdown, which is excessive.
• None of these: incorrect because II and III are sound.

Common Pitfalls:
Equating “disruption” with “must suspend everything.” Also, confusing long-term feasibility with instant implementation—initiating upgrades still counts as a valid course of action.

Final Answer:
Only II and III follow