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Public administration and literacy outcomes: Evaluate Statements I and II — 'The district's literacy rate has been rising for the last four years' and 'District administration conducted extensive training for literacy-drive workers' — to decide the most accurate cause–effect classification.

Difficulty: Easy

Correct Answer: Statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect

Explanation:

Given data

  • I: Literacy rate has increased for four consecutive years.
  • II: Administration trained workers engaged in the literacy drive.

Concept/Approach

Capacity-building (training) is an upstream intervention; improved literacy rates are a downstream outcome.

Step-by-step evaluation

1) Training → better outreach/teaching effectiveness.2) Better program delivery → rising literacy rate.3) Hence II (cause) → I (effect).

Verification/Alternative

Rising literacy by itself does not cause prior training; the temporal direction favors II → I.

Common pitfalls

  • Assuming correlation without considering program mechanisms.

Final Answer
Statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect.

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