Lag networks — by definition, does the output voltage have a negative phase shift (lag) relative to the input?

Introduction / Context:
Lead and lag networks are fundamental building blocks for compensation and shaping frequency response. A lag network is designed to produce a negative phase shift across a frequency range, typically improving stability margins and noise rejection in control and communication systems.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• A standard passive lag network (for example, RC low-pass with output taken across the reactive element, or its RL dual).
• Linear, time-invariant behavior with sinusoidal input.

Concept / Approach:
In a lag network, the output’s phase is delayed relative to the input. For the common RC low-pass case, transfer function is H(jω) = 1 / (1 + j * ω * R * C). The phase is −arctan(ω * R * C), which is nonpositive for ω ≥ 0, indicating lag. For the RL dual configured as a lag element, a similar negative phase characteristic is obtained over the operating band.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Draw a phasor diagram or Bode plot. The phase curve stays at or below zero across frequency, confirming a lag. Hardware measurement with a function generator and oscilloscope will show Vout peaks occurring later in time than Vin peaks.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Choosing “False” would contradict the very definition of a lag network and the sign of its transfer function phase within the passband and transition band.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing lag with lead networks. In an RC high-pass with output across the resistor (lead network), the phase is positive up to +90 degrees over part of the band.

Final Answer:
True