Control-flow classification of instructions The instructions JNZ (jump if not zero), JA (jump if above), and LOOP are all part of which instruction type?

Introduction / Context:
Control-flow instructions alter the normal sequential execution of programs. By testing flags or counters and changing the instruction pointer, they implement loops, branches, and subroutine calls—core mechanisms for decision making and iteration.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• JNZ branches based on the zero flag.
• JA branches based on comparison results (e.g., carry/zero flags for unsigned comparisons).
• LOOP decrements a counter and branches while it is nonzero.

Concept / Approach:
The common property is redirection of execution flow depending on conditions or counters. These are therefore categorized as loops and jumps (also called branch/control transfer instructions).

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
ISA manuals list these under conditional/unconditional branch and loop categories rather than data or arithmetic.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Data transfer moves operands; arithmetic changes numerical values; bit manipulation changes operand bits—none inherently alter the instruction pointer like branch/loop instructions.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing flag-setting arithmetic with the subsequent branch that reads those flags; mixing up signed vs. unsigned branch conditions.

Final Answer:
Loops and jumps