Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) — typical ionization voltage In industrial ESPs used for particulate control, the typical ionization (applied) voltage level is on the order of:

Introduction / Context:
Electrostatic precipitators remove fine particles by charging them in a high-voltage field and collecting them on oppositely charged plates. The selection of voltage magnitude and polarity is vital for corona formation and charging efficiency.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Industrial-scale ESP with rigid or wire discharge electrodes.
• Standard power supplies with transformer–rectifier sets.
• Gas composition and particulate load typical of boilers or process furnaces.

Concept / Approach:
Stable corona discharge for particle charging is achieved using high-voltage direct current in the tens of kilovolts range. Typical setpoints are 30–70 kV DC depending on gas properties and spacing. AC would not maintain a steady unidirectional field for effective charging and collection, and household-level voltages are far too low to sustain corona in industrial gaps.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the need for a steady electric field and corona: favors DC.Recall typical industrial ranges: tens of kilovolts.Select 30–70 kV DC as the appropriate magnitude and type.

Verification / Alternative check:
Manufacturer datasheets and commissioning records list transformer–rectifier outputs in this DC range.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• AC at 30–70 kV: not standard for ESP corona fields.
• 230 V AC/DC: insufficient for corona over industrial electrode gaps.

Common Pitfalls:

• Assuming higher frequency AC would suffice; ESPs conventionally use rectified DC for stable charging.

Final Answer:
30 to 70 kV DC