Socio-technical perspective: do information systems and organizations not merely influence each other but, in effect, co-create each other over time?

Introduction / Context:
Information systems both reflect and drive organizational processes, culture, and decision-making. This is a central tenet in information systems theory and practice.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Organizations adapt processes when new systems are deployed.
• Systems are tailored to organizational policies and constraints.
• Feedback loops cause mutual shaping over time.

Concept / Approach:
Socio-technical systems theory explains how technology and social structures interdepend. Implementing ERP, CRM, or data platforms changes roles, metrics, and incentives; in turn, organizational objectives and governance requirements shape subsequent system iterations.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Recognize bidirectional influence: requirements inform design.Deploy system; observe organizational changes (workflow, responsibilities).Gather feedback; adjust system and policies accordingly.Repeat as strategy and environment evolve.

Verification / Alternative check:
Case studies show major system rollouts altering reporting lines, approval flows, and decision rights, which then demand further system changes.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Claiming no organizational effect is unrealistic; limiting this phenomenon to startups ignores evidence across sectors.

Common Pitfalls:
Underestimating change management; focusing solely on features while ignoring training, incentives, and governance.

Final Answer:
Correct — organizations and information systems co-create and co-evolve.