Health and performance impacts of excessive workplace heat Thermal stress in hot work environments most commonly leads to which outcomes?

Introduction / Context:
Heat stress is a key occupational hazard in foundries, refineries, and process plants. It affects worker safety, productivity, and error rates. Understanding combined effects helps justify ventilation, cooling, and administrative controls.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• “Excessive heat & temperature” implies high radiant and convective loads.
• We consider typical physiological and performance outcomes.

Concept / Approach:
The human thermoregulatory system responds to heat by increasing skin blood flow and sweating. This often causes fatigue, dehydration, and changes in respiration and heart rate. Cognitive and manual performance decline as thermal strain increases, reducing efficiency and elevating accident risk.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Occupational guidelines (e.g., WBGT-based) tie work-rest cycles and hydration plans to mitigate these effects, confirming their prevalence.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Underestimating respiratory changes; workers often hyperventilate subtly in hot conditions, especially with physical exertion.

Final Answer:
all (a), (b) & (c).