Acid–base species: Identify the hydronium ion among the following chemical species. Recall that hydronium is protonated water (the actual carrier of ‘‘H⁺’’ in aqueous solution). Choose the correct option.

Difficulty: Easy

H⁺
HO⁻
H₂⁺
H₃O⁺

Correct Answer: H₃O⁺

Explanation:

Concept/Approach
In water, free protons do not exist as ‘‘H⁺’’; they are solvated to form hydronium, H₃O⁺. Hydroxide is HO⁻; H₂⁺ is not hydronium.

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