Light Reactions—Identify What Is NOT a Direct Product Which of the following is NOT a direct product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in chloroplasts?

Introduction / Context:
Photosynthesis comprises light-dependent reactions (capturing light energy) and the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions) that fix carbon. Distinguishing the immediate outputs of the light reactions from downstream carbohydrate synthesis is a core learning objective in plant physiology and biochemistry.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Light reactions occur in thylakoid membranes.
• Primary outputs are energy carriers and oxidized/ reduced species enabling carbon fixation.
• Glucose formation requires carbon fixation steps beyond light reactions.

Concept / Approach:
Light reactions use photosystems II and I to split water, release O2, generate a proton motive force, and produce ATP and NADPH. These energy carriers fuel the Calvin cycle in the stroma, which synthesizes triose phosphates that can be assembled into glucose or starch. Therefore, glucose is not a direct product of the light reactions.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Isolated thylakoids illuminated in vitro evolve O2 and make ATP and NADPH but do not synthesize glucose without the stromal enzymes of carbon fixation.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• ATP/NADPH: canonical outputs of light reactions.
• O2: released from water splitting at PSII.
• Proton gradient: immediate intermediate driving ATP synthase in the light reactions.

Common Pitfalls:
Equating “photosynthesis” generically with “making sugar” and forgetting the two-stage nature of the process.

Final Answer:
Glucose