Difficulty: Easy
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation:
Introduction / Context:
As organizations scale, their networks must handle more users, devices, and data flows. Multiple classes of equipment help aggregate lines, offload protocol work, and coordinate attached devices. This question tests your awareness of common categories of communications gear that enterprises employ to meet increasing demand.
Given Data / Assumptions:
Concept / Approach:
A front-end processor historically offloads communication tasks (error control, line handling) from a host. A multiplexer (MUX) combines multiple low-rate inputs onto a higher-capacity line via TDM/FDM/statistical methods. A controller supervises connected terminals or lines, coordinating access and simplifying host interfaces. A concentrator aggregates many low-duty-cycle lines so they can share fewer high-capacity circuits efficiently. Because each device class addresses a different facet of scaling, enterprises frequently use all of them (or their modern equivalents) as needs grow.
Step-by-Step Solution:
Verification / Alternative check:
In legacy mainframe and minicomputer environments, front-end processors and controllers were standard; in carrier networks, MUXes and concentrators remain fundamental concepts, now embodied in routers, DSLAMs, and access switches.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Common Pitfalls:
Treating “multiplexer” and “concentrator” as synonyms; ignoring that “controller” is a distinct supervisory role; assuming front-end processing is obsolete when in fact it persists inside NICs, offload cards, and router line cards.
Final Answer:
All of the above.
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