Metabolic pathway organization — Which cellular strategies commonly enhance the efficiency of enzyme-driven pathways?

Introduction:
Cells organize metabolism spatially and structurally to accelerate flux, minimize diffusion losses, and prevent side reactions. This question examines three widely used strategies that make pathways more efficient.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Sequential reactions benefit from substrate channeling.
• Compartments create specialized chemical environments.
• Membrane anchoring places enzymes in proximity to substrates or each other.

Concept / Approach:
Bringing enzymes together reduces transit time between steps and can protect unstable intermediates. Compartmentalization also enables distinct pH, redox, or cofactor conditions that match pathway needs, improving yield and regulation.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Experimental reconstitution of enzyme scaffolds often yields higher pathway flux. Natural examples include pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and fatty acid synthase, both of which exemplify multienzyme channeling.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming diffusion is always fast enough; overlooking metabolite leakage; ignoring that scaffolding can also aid regulation and cofactor recycling.

Final Answer:
All of the above strategies enhance efficiency.