Encapsulating somatic embryos for synthetic seeds can be achieved by which method(s)?

Introduction / Context:
Producing synthetic seeds at scale requires reproducible encapsulation. Two broad approaches are widely referenced: automated bead formation for throughput and chemical gelation for reliable capsule integrity.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Somatic embryos are sensitive to mechanical stress.
• Encapsulation must be uniform to ensure consistent germination.
• Hydrogel chemistry (e.g., alginate–Ca2+) underlies most bead formation.

Concept / Approach:
Automatic encapsulation devices dispense embryo–alginate droplets into CaCl2 baths, standardizing bead size. Gel complexation refers to the ionic crosslinking reaction that converts the droplet into a stable hydrogel bead. Combining process control with robust chemistry yields high-quality capsules.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Protocols in carrot, alfalfa, and woody species document both automated and manual gelation methods.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• D: Protein coatings alone lack structural robustness.
• E: Dry pelleting without gel does not protect delicate embryoids adequately.

Common Pitfalls:
Overlooking embryo size distribution and dwell time in CaCl2, which affect bead strength and germination.

Final Answer:
Both (a) and (b)