Energy conversion: Which common voltage source converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy for use in circuits?

Introduction / Context:
Electrical systems draw power from sources that convert a primary energy form into electricity. Recognizing the energy pathway is important for system design, safety, and maintenance planning.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The question asks for a voltage source that uses chemical reactions internally.
• Steady DC output is implied for typical small circuits.
• No external fuel feed is considered for the small source.

Concept / Approach:
A battery consists of one or more electrochemical cells where redox reactions at electrodes create an electromotive force. The chemical energy stored in active materials is directly converted into electrical energy as charge moves through an external circuit.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify conversion type: chemical → electrical.Select device: batteries perform this conversion internally using electrolyte and electrodes.Differentiate alternatives: solar cells convert radiant energy; generators convert mechanical energy; power supplies convert one form of electricity to another form.Conclude: battery is the correct choice.

Verification / Alternative check:
Discharge curves and cell reactions for alkaline, lead–acid, or lithium-ion chemistries confirm that electrical work arises from redox potentials between the two electrodes.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Solar cell: photovoltaic conversion of light, not chemical reactions in an electrolyte.Electronic power supply: converts AC to regulated DC; no primary chemical energy involved.Electrical generator: converts mechanical shaft power to electricity via electromagnetic induction.

Common Pitfalls:
Thinking any DC source must be a battery; many DC sources are power supplies or rectifiers.Confusing fuel cells with batteries; fuel cells also use chemistry but require continuous external fuel and oxidant feeds.

Final Answer:
Battery