What will be the output of the program?

public class StringRef 
{
    public static void main(String [] args) 
    {
        String s1 = "abc";
        String s2 = "def";
        String s3 = s2;   /* Line 7 */
        s2 = "ghi";
        System.out.println(s1 + s2 + s3);
    }
}

A char is really a 16-bit integer behind the scenes, so it supports 2 ¹⁶ (from 0 to 65535) values.

The (1), (4), (5) and (6) are the only four that can be thrown.

An Error is a subclass of Throwable that indicates serious problems that a reasonable application should not try to catch.

The Throwable class is the superclass of all errors and exceptions in the Java language.

The class Exception and its subclasses are a form of Throwable that indicates conditions that a reasonable application might want to catch (checked exceptions)

RuntimeException is the superclass of those exceptions that can be thrown during the normal operation of the Java Virtual Machine.

(2), (3), and (5). These are all valid interface method signatures.

(1), is incorrect because an interface method must be public; if it is not explicitly declared public it will be made public implicitly. (4) is incorrect because interface methods cannot be static.

The & operator produces a 1 bit when both bits are 1. The result of the & operation is 9. The ^ operator produces a 1 bit when exactly one bit is 1; the result of this operation is 10. The | operator produces a 1 bit when at least one bit is 1; the result of this operation is 14.

Statements (4) and (6) are correct. (4) is correct because the wait() method is overloaded to accept a wait duration in milliseconds. If the thread has not been notified by the time the wait duration has elapsed, then the thread will move back to runnable even without having been notified.

(6) is correct because wait()/notify()/notifyAll() must all be called from within a synchronized, context. A thread must own the lock on the object its invoking wait()/notify()/notifyAll() on.

(1) is incorrect because wait()/notify() will not prevent deadlock.

(2) is incorrect because a sleeping thread will return to runnable when it wakes up, but it might not necessarily resume execution right away. To resume executing, the newly awakened thread must still be moved from runnable to running by the scheduler.

(3) is incorrect because synchronization prevents two or more threads from accessing the same object.

(5) is incorrect because notify() is not overloaded to accept a duration.

All of the collection classes allow you to grow or shrink the size of your collection. ArrayList provides an index to its elements. The newer collection classes tend not to have synchronized methods. Vector is an older implementation of ArrayList functionality and has synchronized methods; it is slower than ArrayList.

Adding an assertion statement to a switch statement that previously had no default case is considered an excellent use of the assert mechanism.

Option A is incorrect because only Java expressions that return a value can be used. For instance, a method that returns void is illegal.

Option C is incorrect because the expression after the colon must have a value.

Option D is incorrect because assertions throw errors and not exceptions, and assertion errors do cause program termination and should not be handled.

The private access modifier limits access to members of the same class.

Option A, B, D, and E are wrong because protected are the wrong access modifiers, and final, static, and volatile are modifiers but not access modifiers.

(A) is valid interface declarations.

(B) and (C) are incorrect because interface variables cannot be either protected or transient. (D) is incorrect because interface methods cannot be final or static.

(1), (3), (4), (5) are the correct statements.

(2) is wrong because the default value for a String (and any other object reference) is null, with no quotes.

(6) is wrong because the default value for boolean elements is false.