A klystron amplifier generally uses Pierce gun

1 x 10^-6 x 1000 = 0.001.

Z₀₁ provides series inductances and teflon filled low impedance line Z₀₂ provides shunt capacitance.

Coplanar arms are decoupled.

Time required for microwave cooking is much less than the time required for conventional cooking.

Varactor diode is used in all the three applications.

or .

If line is s.c |r_v| = 1 and VSWR = ?.

It uses a single cavity resonator for generating microwave oscillations.

Its parts are electron gun, resonator, repeller and output coupling.

It operates on the principle of positive feed back.

The repeller electrode is at negative potential and sends the partially bunched electron beam back to resonator cavity.

This positive feedback supports oscillations. Its feature are:

1. Frequency range - 2 to 100 GHz

2. Power output - 10 MW to about 2 W

3. Efficiency - 10 - 20 %

Its applications include radar receivers, local oscillator in microwave devices, oscillator for microwave measurements in laboratories etc.

A Gunn diode uses GaAs which has a negative differential mobility, i.e., a decrease in carrier velocity with increase in electric field.

This effects is called transferred electron effect. The impedance of a Gunn diode is tens of ohms.

A Gunn diode oscillator has a resonant cavity, an arrangement to couple Gunn diode to cavity, biasing arrangement for Gunn diode and arrangement to couple RF power to load.

Applications of Gunn diode oscillator include continuous wave radar, pulsed radar and microwave receivers.