Traction control systems (TCS) — typical operating speed band for brake-control type For brake-intervention traction control (using selective wheel braking to curb wheelspin), what is the general vehicle speed range where this strategy primarily operates?

Introduction / Context:
Traction control systems enhance longitudinal grip by limiting driven-wheel slip. One common approach uses brake actuators to momentarily apply braking to a spinning wheel, redistributing torque to the wheel with traction (via open differential characteristics) or stabilizing the vehicle during launch on slippery surfaces.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Brake-based TCS on a passenger car with ABS hardware.
• Question targets typical operating range emphasized in workshop and exam literature.
• Wheel-speed sensors provide slip detection at low to moderate speeds.

Concept / Approach:
Brake-intervention TCS is most active at low vehicle speeds where wheelspin during launch is common and braking interventions do not generate excessive heat. At higher speeds, engine torque management (spark cut, throttle closure, fuel cut) is often preferred. Many curricula state that brake-based TCS generally operates below about 40 km/h, with exact thresholds varying by manufacturer.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Owner manuals and service training materials often describe low-speed operation for brake TCS and high-speed reliance on engine output control.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Less than 20 km/h: too restrictive; interventions are common up to ~40 km/h.
• Less than 60 km/h or more than 60/100 km/h: possible interventions occur, but primary/typical emphasis for brake-based systems is low speed.

Common Pitfalls:
Equating all TCS types; conflating stability control (yaw control) with pure traction control; ignoring brake temperature management.

Final Answer: