3. When a body is subjected to bi-axial stress i.e. direct stresses (?x) and (?y) in two mutually perpendicular planes accompanied by a simple shear stress (?xy), then minimum normal stress is
4. In order to avoid tearing off the plate at an edge, the distance from the centre of the rivet hole to the nearest edge of the plate (i.e. margin) should be (where d = Diameter of rivet hole in mm)
8. A thin cylindrical shell of diameter (d), length (l) and thickness (t) is subjected to an internal pressure (p). The ratio of longitudinal strain to hoop strain is