5. According to Euler's column theory, the crippling load for a column of length (l) with one end fixed and the other end free is __________ the crippling load for a similar column hinged at both the ends.
7. A body is subjected to a tensile stress of 1200 MPa on one plane and another tensile stress of 600 MPa on a plane at right angles to the former. It is also subjected to a shear stress of 400 MPa on the same planes. The minimum normal stress will be
8. When a circular bar tapering uniformly from diameter d1, at one end to diameter d2 at the other end, is subjected to an increase in temperature (t), then the thermal stress induced is (where ? = Coefficient of linear expansion, and E = Modulus of elasticity for the bar material)