Statements: All politicians are honest. All honest are fair.
Conclusions:
Some honest are politicians.
No honest is politician.
Some fair are politicians.
All fair are politicians.
Options
A. None follows.
B. Only I follows.
C. Only I and II follow.
D. Only I and III follow
Correct Answer
Only I and III follow
Explanation
Clearly, it follows that 'All politicians are fair'. I is the converse of the first premise, while III is the converse of the above conclusion. So, both I and III hold.
Logical Deduction problems
Search Results
1. Statements: All aeroplanes are trains. Some trains are chairs.
Since the middle term 'trains' is not distributed even once in the/premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, III is the converse of the second premise while IV is the converse of the first premise. So, both of them hold.
2. Statements: Some bags are pockets. No pocket is a pouch.
Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. So, II follows. III is the converse of the first premise and thus it also holds.
3. Statements: All branches are flowers. All flowers are leaves.
Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All branches are leaves'. Thus, I follows. IV is the converse of this conclusion and so it also holds.
4. Statements: India's economy is depending mainly on forests.
Conclusions:
Trees should be preserved to improve Indian economy.
India wants only maintenance of forests to improve economic conditions.
It is mentioned in the statement that India's economy depends mainly on forests. This means that forests should be preserved. So, I follows. But, that only preservation of forests can improve the economy, cannot be said. So, II does not follow.
5. Statements: Company X has a record of manufacturing cameras of quality and the latest design so that you do not spoil even a single shot irrespective of the weather conditions.
Conclusions:
No other company except X is reputed in the camera industry.
Clearly, the statement talks of Company X only and no other company. So, I does not follow. Also, it is mentioned that one can take a good shot even in bad weather conditions with a camera of Company X. So, II follows.
6. Statements: Some clothes are marbles. Some marbles are bags.
Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows. However, I and III involve only the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. Thus, either I or III follows.
7. Statements: Some tables are TVs. Some TVs are radios.
Since the middle term 'terrorists' is distributed twice in the premises, the conclusion cannot be universal. So, it follows that 'Some guilty persons are criminals'. Thus, II holds.
9. Statements: Some books are pens. No pen is pencil.
Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. Thus, III follows. I is the converse of the first premise and so it also holds.
10. Statements: Some bottles are drinks. All drinks are cups.
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some bottles are cups'. Thus, I follows. II is the converse of the second premise and so it also holds.