Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) — Core Purpose and Components Which statement best captures what ODBC provides and requires across different database systems?

Introduction:
ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) is a widely adopted standard that allows applications to access different relational databases through a uniform API. This question tests whether you recognize both the API's goal (vendor neutrality) and the practical requirements (drivers and connection criteria).

Given Data / Assumptions:

• ODBC defines a common function-call interface for SQL database access.
• Vendors supply ODBC drivers that translate generic ODBC calls into DBMS-specific protocols.
• Connections require configuration (DSN/DSN-less), credentials, and driver selection.

Concept / Approach:
Evaluate whether each statement reflects ODBC realities: vendor drivers are necessary; connections require parameters (driver, server, credentials); and the API abstracts DBMS details so the same code can target multiple systems with appropriate drivers.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Confirm ODBC's purpose: common API across heterogeneous DBMSs.2) Verify the driver model: vendors implement drivers to bridge ODBC calls to their engines.3) Validate connection prerequisites: connection strings/DSNs and authentication data are required.4) Since all three are true, choose “All of the above.”

Verification / Alternative check:
Typical connection strings specify Driver, Server, Database, UID, and PWD. Without a suitable driver, ODBC cannot communicate with the DBMS.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Vendor driver only: True but incomplete.
• Criteria to connect only: True but incomplete.
• Common API only: True but incomplete.
• Removes the need for any driver: False; the driver layer is essential.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming ODBC magically removes drivers or configuration; it standardizes the interface but still depends on drivers and correct connection parameters.

Final Answer:
All of the above.