The Session layer of the OSI model offers three different modes of communication : Simplex, half duplex, and full duplex.
The encapsulation method is data, segment, packet, frame, bit.
Explanation: 50 hosts require 6 bits of the last octet giving us 64 -2 = 62 possible hosts this satisfies our requirement and leaves us 2 bits over for the subnets. The default mask is /24 or 255.255.255.0 adding the 2 bits for the subnets it becomes 255.255.255.192 or /26
Explanation: The requirement of having to allocate 500 hosts on each subnet can be achieved by the following: 2^9 = 512. So deducting the broadcast and network address we have 510 possible hosts on each subnet. We used 9 bits to allocate the hosts, this leaves us 7 bits for possible subnets. Those 7 bits in binary is 1111 1110 or 254 in decimal.
A receiving host can control the transmitter by using flow control ( TCP uses windowing by default). By decreasing the window size, the receiving host can slow down the transmitting host so the receiving host does not overflow its buffers.
A transmission to the MAC address ff : ff : ff : ff : ff : ff is a broadcast transmission to all stations.
If a hub has three computers connected to it, one broadcast and one collision domain is created
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