The life-cycle theory of consumption, popularly known as life-cycle hypothesis,' was developed by Ando and Modigliani" in the early 1960s.
The life-cycle hypothesis postulates that individual consumption in any time period depends on
(i) resources available to the individual,
(ii) the rate of return on his capital, and
(iii) the age of the individual.
The resources available to an individual consist of his existing net wealth and the present value of all his current and future labour incomes. According to the life-cycle hypothesis, a rational consumer plans consumption on the basis of all his resources and allocates his income to consumption over time so that he maximizes his total utility over his life time.
Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products that are differentiated from one another (e.g. by branding or quality) and hence are not perfect substitutes.
In other words, large sellers selling the products that are similar, but not identical and compete with each other on other factors besides price.
Although demand curves are typically downward sloping to reflect that consumers? utility for a good diminishes with increased consumption, firm supply curves are generally upward sloping.The upward sloping character reflects that firms will be willing to increase production in response to a higher market price because the higher price may make additional production profitable.
Although demand curves are typically downward sloping to reflect that consumers? utility for a good diminishes with increased consumption, firm supply curves are generally upward sloping.The upward sloping character reflects that firms will be willing to increase production in response to a higher market price because the higher price may make additional production profitable.
An ETF, or exchange-traded fund, is a marketable security that tracks an index, a commodity, bonds, or a basket of assets like an index fund.
?Unlike mutual funds, an ETF trades like a common stock on a stock exchange.
?ETFs experience price changes throughout the day as they are bought and sold.
?ETFs typically have higher daily liquidity and lower fees than mutual fund shares, making them an attractive alternative for individual investors.
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