Parity error output always HIGH although DATA IN equals DATA OUT In the shown data transmission system, a logic analyzer confirms that DATA IN (left) matches DATA OUT (right), yet the parity error flag remains asserted HIGH. What is the most reasonable conclusion?

Introduction / Context:
Parity systems append a single bit so that the total number of 1s is either even or odd. If a parity error flag is stuck HIGH despite correct end-to-end data, the issue is likely within the parity generation/checking logic or in the way the flag is formed and latched.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• DATA IN equals DATA OUT bit-for-bit (verified on a logic analyzer).
• Parity error output remains HIGH continuously.
• We do not have evidence that parity bits themselves are correct or that the error flag logic is properly reset.

Concept / Approach:
If data integrity appears intact, persistent error indication points to faults in the parity generation/checker path or the error flag logic (gate or latch). Possible culprits include a failed parity generator/checker IC, a stuck flag-forming gate, or a defective storage element that holds the error bit after a transient.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Inject known patterns with both correct and intentionally wrong parity. If the error flag never clears on correct parity patterns, the checker or flag logic is faulty. If it never asserts on wrong parity, the generator/checker path is at fault.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• No single component is guaranteed to be the only failure mode; any of the listed blocks could hold the flag HIGH even with good data lines.

Common Pitfalls:

• Assuming good data implies correct parity; the parity bit could be corrupted or the checker miswired.

Final Answer:
Any of the above.