The classes of relations produced by normalization to avoid modification anomalies are called what?

Introduction / Context:
Normalization organizes relational schemas to reduce redundancy and eliminate update, insert, and delete anomalies. The outcomes are categorized into named stages.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Well-known levels include first, second, and third normal form, plus Boyce–Codd and beyond.
• Anomalies arise when one table tries to represent multiple themes or has improper dependencies.

Concept / Approach:
Each stage of normalization corresponds to a normal form. These forms impose increasingly strict rules based on functional and other dependencies to mitigate anomalies.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Textbook definitions explicitly refer to 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, and 5NF as normal forms addressing anomalies.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Referential integrity constraints enforce key–foreign key consistency, not the classification of normalized schemas.
• Functional dependencies are relationships used to reason about normalization, not the stages themselves.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing the tools (dependencies, constraints) with the results (normal forms).

Final Answer:
normal forms.