In IP configuration, what are the differences between static IP addressing and dynamic IP addressing using protocols such as DHCP?

Introduction / Context:
Static and dynamic IP addressing are two common methods for assigning IP configuration to hosts in a network. Understanding the differences between them is essential for network design, server deployment, and troubleshooting. Interviewers often ask this question to see whether you know when and why to use static versus dynamic addressing and the role of DHCP in automating configuration.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Hosts need an IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS settings to communicate.
• Some devices, such as servers and network infrastructure, benefit from stable addresses.
• Many client devices are numerous and frequently join or leave the network.
• DHCP servers can centrally manage IP address pools and lease times.

Concept / Approach:
With static IP addressing, an administrator manually configures each host with a fixed IP address and related settings. These values remain constant until changed manually, which is useful for servers, printers, and network devices that must be reachable at known addresses. However, it is time consuming and prone to human error when applied to large numbers of clients. Dynamic IP addressing uses a protocol such as DHCP, where clients automatically request and receive IP configuration from a server. The DHCP server manages a pool of addresses and assigns them as leases, which may expire and be renewed, meaning the host's IP can change over time.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Define static IP addressing as manual configuration of IP parameters on each host. Step 2: Explain that these static settings do not change automatically and persist across reboots. Step 3: Define dynamic IP addressing as automatic assignment using a DHCP server that hands out addresses from a predefined scope. Step 4: Describe that dynamic addresses typically have lease times; when a lease expires, the address can be renewed or reassigned. Step 5: Highlight typical usage: static for servers and infrastructure, dynamic for general client devices like laptops and phones.

Verification / Alternative check:
In small lab networks, statically assigning addresses works but becomes unmanageable as the number of hosts grows. Introducing a DHCP server simplifies client configuration and allows network administrators to change DNS or gateway settings centrally. Observing a DHCP client shows that its IP address can vary between connections, whereas a statically configured address remains the same unless manually edited, confirming the behavioural difference between static and dynamic addressing.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Option B incorrectly ties static and dynamic addressing to wired and wireless media, which is not true; both methods apply to any IP network. Option C wrongly states that static always uses private and dynamic always uses public addresses; either method can be used with private or public ranges. Option D claims there is no difference, contradicting the fundamental distinction in configuration and management between the two approaches.

Common Pitfalls:
A common pitfall is mixing static addresses inside a DHCP scope without proper exclusions, leading to IP conflicts when the DHCP server leases the same address. Another error is using static addressing for large numbers of clients, increasing administrative overhead and the risk of misconfiguration. Understanding the trade-off between control and convenience helps in deciding when to use static or dynamic IP addressing in different parts of the network.

Final Answer:
Static IP addressing uses manually configured, fixed settings, whereas dynamic IP addressing uses a DHCP server to automatically assign and renew IP settings that may change over time.