Base conversion — convert the decimal value to binary. Task: Express 18₁₀ as a binary number (no prefixes or suffixes).

Introduction / Context:
Converting decimal to binary is a fundamental skill for understanding memory layouts, bitwise operations, and low-level protocols. The standard approach decomposes a number into sums of powers of two or uses repeated division by 2.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Decimal value: 18
• Unsigned, positive integer

Concept / Approach:
Find the largest power of two not exceeding 18, subtract it, and continue until the remainder is zero. Alternatively, perform successive dividing by 2 and record remainders from least significant to most significant bit.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Using division by 2: 18/2=9 r0, 9/2=4 r1, 4/2=2 r0, 2/2=1 r0, 1/2=0 r1; remainders upward give 10010. Convert back: 10010₂ = 16 + 2 = 18₁₀, confirming correctness.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• 11110: equals 30₁₀.
• 10001: equals 17₁₀.
• 1111000: equals 120₁₀.
• 010010: correct value with a leading zero; while numerically same, the canonical minimal form is 10010.

Common Pitfalls:

• Misplacing weights (confusing the 8 and 4 positions).
• Dropping necessary zeros between set bits.

Final Answer:
10010