Relational model composition: Which option best characterizes the relational model at a high level?

Introduction / Context:
The relational model organizes data using relations, which most SQL practitioners represent as tables. This structure underpins relational algebra and the set-oriented operations performed by SQL queries.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Relations map to tables with rows and columns.
• Constraints and keys enforce integrity.
• SQL is the standard language for defining and manipulating relations.

Concept / Approach:

In the relational paradigm, data is structured into normalized tables, reducing redundancy and anomalies. Queries operate on these tables through declarative set-based expressions rather than procedural row-by-row code.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Inspect any mainstream RDBMS catalog; objects are tables, constraints, indexes, and views operating over tabular data.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

“Data redundancy”: normalization aims to reduce redundancy.

“Non-SQL languages”: SQL is standard for relational operations.

“Unorganized data”: the model is highly structured.

Common Pitfalls:

Confusing unstructured document stores with relational databases; ignoring normalization principles.

Final Answer:

data in the form of tables.