Assembly language vs. machine language Which advantages do assembly languages have over raw machine code?

Introduction / Context:
Assembly language provides a thin, human readable layer over machine code. It keeps the programmer close to hardware while reducing the cognitive burden of writing long binary or hexadecimal instructions and absolute addresses. This question reviews the common benefits of using assembly rather than raw binary.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Mneumonics like MOV, ADD, and JMP substitute for numeric opcodes.
• Labels and symbolic addresses are resolved by an assembler at build time.
• Directives (for example, DB, DW) allow structured data definition.

Concept / Approach:

Assemblers translate human readable mnemonics and symbols into machine instructions and relocation information. By allowing labels and expressions, they free developers from manual page boundary calculations and absolute addresses. They also support easier data definition and macro facilities for repetitive patterns, improving maintainability and readability.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Assembler listings map mnemonics and labels to final opcodes and addresses. Relocatable object files further demonstrate that symbolic references are resolved at link time.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

“None of the above” is incorrect because each listed advantage is real and widely used.

Common Pitfalls:

Assuming assembly is portable like high level languages; conflating symbolic addressing with dynamic memory allocation; overlooking that assembly still requires architectural knowledge.

Final Answer:

All of the above.