Client/server security scope: Which option best summarizes the breadth of security controls expected in a well-managed client/server environment?

Introduction / Context:
Client/server security spans facilities, processes, and technology. A robust posture layers controls from the data center to the code deployment pipeline and endpoint hardening.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Enterprise systems with multiple tiers and environments.
• Compliance and audit expectations.
• Defense-in-depth strategy.

Concept / Approach:

Security includes physical safeguards (access badges, CCTV, locked racks), process controls (change management, approvals, versioning), and technical measures across all systems (patching, least privilege, encryption in transit/at rest, monitoring). Effective programs address all these areas, not just one.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Audit frameworks (e.g., ISO 27001, SOC 2) require controls spanning physical, administrative, and technical domains.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Each single option is necessary but insufficient alone; comprehensive security requires all.

Common Pitfalls:

Focusing only on firewalls while neglecting change control or physical access; weak patch management on clients.

Final Answer:

All of the above.