In industrial automation, what core capabilities typically characterize a process controller in a continuous control application?

Introduction / Context:
A process controller (PLC, PAC, or DCS controller) regulates industrial processes by reading inputs, applying control logic, and commanding actuators. Recognizing its typical capabilities helps engineers map requirements to platforms and architect reliable control loops.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The application is continuous process control (flow, level, temperature, pressure).
• Field signals come in both analog (4–20 mA, voltage) and digital (discrete on/off) forms.
• Standard control laws such as PID are required for regulation.

Concept / Approach:
Process controllers are designed to interface with diverse I/O, execute deterministic scan cycles, and implement control algorithms. Analog inputs and outputs connect to sensors and actuators; digital I/O handles interlocks and state machines. Native function blocks or libraries provide PID, filtering, scaling, and alarming, enabling rapid configuration and tuning.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Vendor datasheets for PLCs and DCS controllers highlight analog/digital I/O modules and built-in PID functionality, confirming the selection.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Underestimating the need for proper signal conditioning and filtering; ignoring scan-time limits that affect loop performance.

Final Answer:
All of the above.