Molecular cloning into a plasmid vector To successfully insert foreign DNA into a plasmid for recombinant DNA cloning, how should the plasmid backbone and the insert DNA be cut before ligation?

Introduction / Context:
Molecular cloning requires creating compatible ends on a plasmid vector and a DNA insert so that DNA ligase can join them. The standard approach uses restriction endonucleases to generate matching ends for efficient ligation and stable cloning.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• A circular plasmid backbone will be opened at specific sites.
• The foreign DNA insert must have ends compatible with the plasmid's ends.
• DNA ligase will be used to seal phosphodiester bonds.

Concept / Approach:
Cutting both the plasmid and insert with the same restriction enzyme generates complementary sticky (or compatible blunt) ends. This increases insertion efficiency and directionality (especially with two different enzymes) and reduces unwanted self-ligation.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Choose a restriction site present once in the plasmid MCS and flanking the insert.Digest plasmid and insert with the same enzyme(s) to create matching ends.Purify digested DNA to remove enzymes and small fragments.Ligate insert into plasmid using T4 DNA ligase under optimal buffer and temperature.Transform competent cells and select on antibiotic plates.

Verification / Alternative check:
Screen colonies by restriction analysis or Sanger sequencing to confirm correct orientation and sequence integrity.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Using different, incompatible ends without design (option b/c) prevents ligation; leaving plasmid uncut (option e) precludes insertion; using multiple enzymes is fine only when ends are compatible (option d is ambiguous, standard textbook answer emphasizes “same enzyme”).

Common Pitfalls:
Vector self-ligation without dephosphorylation; incompatible ends; star activity from over-digestion; insert-to-vector molar ratio errors.

Final Answer:
With the same restriction enzyme and mixed together.