Fundamentals of number systems in digital electronics: In computer architecture and digital circuit design, is the binary (base-2) number system considered the foundational representation used by all digital computers for data and instructions?

Introduction / Context:
Digital electronics and computer systems represent information using discrete levels. The binary number system (base 2) maps naturally onto this two-level hardware, with logic 0 and logic 1 corresponding to defined voltage ranges. This question checks your understanding of why binary is considered the foundational number system for all digital computers.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• A digital computer is built from logic gates that operate with two stable states.
• Memory cells, registers, and buses store and move information in bits.
• Higher-level number systems (decimal, hexadecimal) are human conveniences and are translated to/from binary in hardware or software.

Concept / Approach:
Because hardware devices like MOSFETs implement two-state logic reliably, data is encoded as sequences of bits. Arithmetic units perform operations on binary operands; instruction sets encode opcodes and addresses in binary; storage elements hold binary states. Even when designers use hexadecimal or octal for compact notation, these are just grouped representations of the underlying binary bits (4-bit nibbles for hex, 3-bit groups for octal).

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Review any ISA encoding (for example, an instruction format diagram): fields are defined as bit positions. Memory dumps and bus analyzers display binary or its grouped forms (hex), confirming the binary foundation.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
“Incorrect” contradicts the core design of digital logic. “Applies only to analog computers” is irrelevant; analog computers are not digital. Restricting binary to microcontrollers or memory ignores that CPUs and logic also operate on bits.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing human-readable bases (decimal/hex) with machine representation; assuming that because code is written in text, the machine stores characters directly without binary encoding.

Final Answer:
Correct