In industrial robotics, which axes or motions commonly define a robot’s movement capabilities for positioning and orientation?

Introduction / Context:
Robot manipulators achieve complex tasks by combining translational and rotational degrees of freedom. This question checks familiarity with common motion axes that contribute to reach, dexterity, and tool orientation during industrial tasks like pick and place, welding, and assembly.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We consider articulated and cartesian style manipulators.
• Axes include base, shoulder, elbow, and wrist subsystems.
• Coordinate motion refers to movement along orthogonal axes such as X and Y.

Concept / Approach:

X–Y translation locates the end effector in a plane, while elbow and wrist joints provide additional reach and orientation control. A complete manipulator typically uses both linear and rotational joints to position a tool and orient it correctly relative to the workpiece.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Robot specification sheets list multiple joints and coordinate systems (world, tool, and joint space), confirming the need for both translations and rotations.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Choosing only one motion ignores the integrated nature of manipulator kinematics. 'None of the above' is false because each listed motion is standard.

Common Pitfalls:

Assuming wrist rotation is optional for precision applications, or overlooking the importance of planar positioning when programming paths.

Final Answer:

All of the above