Simplify (√3 − 1)².

Problem restatement
Expand and simplify the binomial square (√3 − 1)².

Concept/Approach
Use (a − b)² = a² − 2ab + b².

Step-by-step calculation
(√3 − 1)² = (√3)² − 2(√3)(1) + 1² = 3 − 2√3 + 1 = 4 − 2√3

Verification/Alternative
Numeric check: √3 ≈ 1.732 ⇒ (1.732 − 1)² ≈ 0.732² ≈ 0.536; 4 − 2√3 ≈ 4 − 3.464 ≈ 0.536 (matches).

Final Answer
4 − 2√3