There are 20 books of which 4 are single volumes and the other are books of 8, 5 and 3 volumes respectively. In how many ways can all these books be arranged on a self so that volumes of the same book are not separated?

Volumes of the same book are not to be separated i, e. all volumes of the same book are to be kept together, Regarding all volumes of the same book as one book, we have only 4 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 7 books.
These seven books can be arranged in 7! ways. The book having 8 volumes can be arranged among themselves in 8! ways, the book having 5 volumes can be arranged among themselves in 5! ways, and the book having 3 volumes can be arranged among themselves in 3! ways.
∴ Required number = 7! 8! 5! 3!