Optical communications basics: approximately how much optical power can a typical LED (light-emitting diode) source couple into a multimode optical fiber?

Introduction / Context:
Optical transmitters for short-range data links may use LEDs or laser diodes. LEDs are inexpensive and robust but have lower coupling efficiency and optical power than lasers. Knowing the order of magnitude for LED launch power into multimode fiber helps with link budget estimation and selection of components for campus or in-building networks.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We refer to typical, order-of-magnitude coupled power into multimode fiber.
• No optical amplifiers are used.
• We compare realistic LED values versus laser-class outputs.

Concept / Approach:
Typical LED coupled power into multimode fiber is on the order of tens to a few hundred microwatts (roughly −15 dBm to −10 dBm). Values in the milliwatt range are characteristic of laser diodes, not LEDs. Picowatt levels are far below normal transmitter output and would not sustain practical links. Therefore, 100 microwatts is a sensible “ballpark” figure for LED launch power into fiber.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Vendor datasheets for legacy 850 nm LED transmitters show coupled powers in the −20 dBm to −10 dBm range (10 to 100 microwatts), aligning with the 100 microwatts estimate.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming all optical sources have similar power; ignoring that coupling loss and numerical aperture further reduce the launched power.

Final Answer:
100 microwatts.