In political science terminology, what does the word 'anarchy' specifically mean with reference to the structure of government?

Introduction / Context:
The term 'anarchy' is often heard in news debates, political theory, and general discussions, but it is frequently misunderstood. In political science, words like monarchy, theocracy, and plutocracy each have precise meanings. This question tests whether the learner knows the exact, technical meaning of 'anarchy' in the context of how a society is governed.

Given Data / Assumptions:

We are given:
- Multiple forms of governance or political conditions as options.
- The question focuses on the meaning of the term 'anarchy'.
- We assume standard political science usage, not loose everyday usage like 'chaos' alone.

Concept / Approach:
In political theory:
- Monarchy means rule by a king or queen.
- Plutocracy means rule by the wealthy class.
- Theocracy means rule by religious authorities or priests in the name of God.
- Democracy involves government by the people, often through elected representatives.
- Anarchy does not mean rule by a particular group; it literally means the absence of a formal government or governing authority. It can result in disorder, but the core idea is 'no recognised ruler or state authority'.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Identify each option's form of government: rich, monarch, God, no government, or direct people's rule.
Step 2: Recall that 'an-' means 'without' and 'archos' (in Greek) relates to 'ruler' or 'authority'.
Step 3: Combine the roots to get 'anarchy' meaning 'without a ruler' or 'without government'.
Step 4: Match this meaning with the option that describes the absence of government.
Step 5: Conclude that the correct answer is 'Absence of any recognised government or authority'.

Verification / Alternative check:
Standard political science textbooks and dictionaries define anarchy as a condition where there is no recognised government or authority. While popular media may use the word to mean 'chaos', the technical definition always emphasises the absence of a governing authority.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
- Government by the rich: This is plutocracy, not anarchy.
- Government by a king or queen: This is monarchy.
- Government by God or priests: This is theocracy.
- Government by the people directly: This is direct democracy, not anarchy.

Common Pitfalls:
Students sometimes confuse anarchy with simple disorder or violence. While anarchy may lead to instability, the core concept is institutional: there is no central state authority. It is also important not to mix it up with democracy or monarchy just because those terms are more familiar. Focus on the key idea: 'no government' rather than 'wrong type of government'.

Final Answer:
Correct option: Absence of any recognised government or authority