In social sciences, the term ageism most accurately refers to which of the following attitudes or practices?

Introduction / Context:
This question relates to sociology and psychology. It asks about the meaning of the term ageism, which is frequently used in discussions about discrimination and equality. Understanding this term is important for analysing how societies treat people at different stages of life, from children to older adults.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The question asks for the best definition of ageism.
• Options mention judgement, demographics, respect for elders, and the views of older people.
• Standard social science use of the term is assumed.

Concept / Approach:
Ageism refers to prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination directed at individuals or groups based solely on their age. It can affect older adults when they are seen as less capable or less valuable, but it can also affect younger people when they are dismissed as immature or irresponsible. Ageist attitudes may appear in hiring decisions, medical care, media portrayals, and everyday interactions. The key idea is unfair judgement and unequal treatment tied to chronological age rather than actual abilities or needs. This clearly differs from neutral demographic study or positive respect for elders.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Textbooks in social psychology and gerontology define ageism as negative stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination based on a person age. Examples include assuming older workers cannot learn new skills or denying medical treatment based solely on age. Laws and policies aimed at preventing age discrimination in employment and services further confirm that ageism describes harmful, unfair treatment linked to age. None of these sources define ageism as demographic analysis or respectful traditions, so the correct match is clearly option A.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Studying the demographics and shape of the population pyramid is incorrect because demographic analysis is neutral and does not imply prejudice or discrimination.

The veneration of the elderly is wrong because it refers to positive cultural respect, which is the opposite of discrimination.

The view of society held by older people is incorrect because ageism describes how people are treated due to age, not what views they themselves hold.

Common Pitfalls:
Some learners may confuse ageism with general studies of ageing or with any topic concerning older people. Another pitfall is to interpret the term as something always directed at the elderly, when in fact it can apply to any age group that faces bias. To avoid confusion, remember the pattern: words ending in ism often describe belief systems or prejudices, and in this case the prejudice is directed at people because of their chronological age, not their individual qualities.

Final Answer:
Ageism most accurately refers to Judging or discriminating against people on the basis of their chronological age.