Automotive tyres — advantages of tubeless designs Which of the following advantages are typically offered by a modern tubeless tyre compared with a traditional tube-type tyre on passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles?

Introduction / Context:
Tubeless tyres have largely replaced tube type tyres in modern road vehicles. Understanding their advantages helps drivers, technicians, and exam candidates evaluate safety, efficiency, and maintenance trade-offs. This question checks knowledge of key benefits that arise from construction and sealing differences between the two designs.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Passenger car or light commercial vehicle road use.
• Rim is compatible with tubeless fitment and the valve stem seals directly in the rim.
• No gross damage such as bead tear or cracked rim.

Concept / Approach:
In a tubeless tyre, the inner liner is bonded to the casing and the air cavity is sealed directly to the rim via the bead. Punctures often cause gradual pressure loss because the object can remain lodged and the liner self-seals to a degree. Rolling resistance is typically lower due to reduced hysteresis and weight, improving fuel economy. The absence of a separate tube also reduces pinch-flats and sudden deflation events.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the structural change: tubeless inner liner seals to rim, no separate tube.Relate structure to performance: fewer interfaces and lower mass reduce rolling resistance, aiding fuel efficiency.Consider safety: punctures often lead to slow air leakage rather than an instant flat.Infer reliability: no tube eliminates tube-rim pinch and chafing failures, reducing sudden run-flat risk.

Verification / Alternative check:
Service data and fleet experience show longer repair windows after small punctures with tubeless designs, and fuel economy tests commonly report slight improvements from lower rolling resistance and mass compared with tube type tyres.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each individual statement is correct, therefore the best choice is the comprehensive option that includes all benefits.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming tubeless tyres never suffer rapid deflation; severe cuts or bead unseating can still cause a fast loss. Overlooking the need for proper rim condition and correct inflation pressure for full benefit.

Final Answer:
all of these