Ultrasonic machining (USM) — abrasive slurry selection In ultrasonic machining, the abrasive slurry typically contains fine particles of which materials?

Introduction / Context:
Ultrasonic machining removes material by micro-chipping and erosion using high-frequency tool vibration in the presence of an abrasive slurry. Slurry selection affects material removal rate, surface finish, and tool wear.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• USM applied to hard, brittle materials (glass, ceramics, carbides).
• Aqueous slurry is used with suspended abrasive particles.
• Tool vibrates typically at 20–40 kHz with small amplitudes.

Concept / Approach:
Common abrasives in USM are Al2O3, SiC, and B4C. Particle size selection balances cutting aggressiveness and finish. Diamond can be used but is costlier and may be reserved for special applications.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Process handbooks cite Al2O3 and SiC as the most common; B4C is preferred for very hard materials due to higher hardness.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Choosing only one material ignores the range of workable abrasives; diamond-only is too restrictive and uneconomical for general USM.

Common Pitfalls:
Using particles too fine may slow removal; too coarse may mar the surface. Proper concentration and circulation are also critical.

Final Answer:

Any one of these