Logical Deduction problems
- 1. Statements: All poles are guns. Some boats are not poles.
Conclusions:
- All guns are boats.
- Some boats are not guns.
Options- A. Only conclusion I follows
- B. Only conclusion II follows
- C. Either I or II follows
- D. Neither I nor II follows
- E. Both I and II follow Discuss
Correct Answer: Neither I nor II follows
Explanation:
Clearly, the term 'guns' is distributed in both the conclusions without being distributed in any of the premises. So, neither conclusion follows.
- 2. Statements: Many scooters are trucks. All trucks are trains.
Conclusions:
- Some scooters are trains.
- No truck is a scooter.
Options- A. Only conclusion I follows
- B. Only conclusion II follows
- C. Either I or II follows
- D. Neither I nor II follows
- E. Both I and II follow Discuss
Correct Answer: Only conclusion I follows
Explanation:
Since the first premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. Thus, only I follows.
- 3. Statements: Some papers are pens. Angle is a paper.
Conclusions:
- Angle is not a pen.
- Angle is a pen.
Options- A. Only conclusion I follows
- B. Only conclusion II follows
- C. Either I or II follows
- D. Neither I nor II follows
- E. Both I and II follow Discuss
Correct Answer: Either I or II follows
Explanation:
Since the middle term 'papers' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, I and II involve only the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. Thus, either I or II follows.
- 4. Statements: All birds are tall. Some tall are hens.
Conclusions:
- Some birds are hens.
- Some hens are tall.
Options- A. Only conclusion I follows
- B. Only conclusion II follows
- C. Either I or II follows
- D. Neither I nor II follows
- E. Both I and II follow Discuss
Correct Answer: Only conclusion II follows
Explanation:
Since the middle term 'tall' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, II is the converse of the second premise and so it holds.
- 5. Statements: Some papers are pens. Some pencils are pens.
Conclusions:
- Some pens are pencils.
- Some pens are papers.
Options- A. Only conclusion I follows
- B. Only conclusion II follows
- C. Either I or II follows
- D. Neither I nor II follows
- E. Both I and II follow Discuss
Correct Answer: Both I and II follow
Explanation:
Since both premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows. However, I is the converse of second premise, while II is the converse of the first premise. So, both of them hold.
- 6. Statements: Some men are educated. Educated persons prefer small families.
Conclusions:
- All small families are educated.
- Some men prefer small families.
Options- A. Only conclusion I follows
- B. Only conclusion II follows
- C. Either I or II follows
- D. Neither I nor II follows
- E. Both I and II follow Discuss
Correct Answer: Only conclusion II follows
Explanation:
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. Thus, only II follows.
- 7. Statements: All educated people read newspapers. Rahul does not read newspaper.
Conclusions:
- Rahul is not educated.
- Reading newspaper is not essential to be educated.
Options- A. Only conclusion I follows
- B. Only conclusion II follows
- C. Either I or II follows
- D. Neither I nor II follows
- E. Both I and II follow Discuss
Correct Answer: Only conclusion I follows
Explanation:
Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, only I follows.
- 8. Statements: All pens are chalks. All chairs are chalks.
Conclusions:
- Some pens are chairs.
- Some chalks are pens.
Options- A. Only conclusion I follows
- B. Only conclusion II follows
- C. Either I or II follows
- D. Neither I nor II follows
- E. Both I and II follow Discuss
Correct Answer: Only conclusion II follows
Explanation:
Since the middle term 'chalks' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, II is the converse of the first premise and so it holds.
- 9. Statements: Bureaucrats marry only intelligent girls. Tanya is very intelligent.
Conclusions:
- Tanya will marry a bureaucrat.
- Tanya will not marry a bureaucrat.
Options- A. Only conclusion I follows
- B. Only conclusion II follows
- C. Either I or II follows
- D. Neither I nor II follows
- E. Both I and II follow Discuss
Correct Answer: Either I or II follows
Explanation:
The data does not mention whether all intelligent girls are married to bureaucrats. So, either I or II may follow.
- 10. Statements: Some engineers are fools. Anand is an engineer.
Conclusions:
- Some fools are engineers.
- Anand is a fool.
Options- A. Only conclusion I follows
- B. Only conclusion II follows
- C. Either I or II follows
- D. Neither I nor II follows
- E. Both I and II follow Discuss
Correct Answer: Only conclusion I follows
Explanation:
Since the middle term 'engineer' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, I is the converse of the first premise and thus it holds.
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